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Convoy QP 13
Convoy QP 13 was the thirteenth of the numbered series of World War II convoys of merchant ships westbound from the Arctic ports of Arkhangelsk and Murmansk to the United Kingdom, Iceland, and North America. Most of the ships were returning empty after delivering war material to the Soviet Union, but some Soviet ships carried cargoes of export timber. The convoy sailed simultaneously with eastbound convoy PQ 17 so both convoys might benefit from the heavy covering force of the British aircraft carrier , battleship , cruisers and , and destroyers , , , , , and with the American battleship and destroyers and . The covering force was commanded by Admiral John Tovey aboard the flagship ''Duke of York''. Convoy QP 13 consisted of 35 merchant ships escorted by the anti-aircraft ship with destroyers , , , and , minesweepers and , and corvettes , , and .
==Voyage==
Convoy QP 13 left Arkhangelsk on 26 June 1942 reinforced by a local escort of Soviet destroyers ''Gremyaschi'', ''Grozni'' and ''Kuibyshev'' with British destroyer and minesweepers , , and . The local escort was replaced on 29 June by an anti-aircraft escort of destroyers , and .〔 On 30 June German air reconnaissance found convoy QP 13 north of North Cape, Norway. U-88 was shadowing the convoy by 2 July; but ''Admiral Nordmeer'' Hubert Schmundt ordered German forces to ignore the empty westbound ships and focus on the loaded ships of eastbound convoy PQ 17. The ''Hunt''-class destroyers detached on 4 July when convoy QP 13 was out of range of German bombers.〔
Convoy QP 13 encountered fog on 5 July 1942. In poor visibility ''Niger'' mistook an iceberg for Iceland’s North Western Cape and six merchant ships followed her into Northern Barrage minefield SN72 laid one month earlier at the entrance to the Denmark Strait. All seven ships detonated naval mines, and there were only eight survivors of the 127 men aboard ''Niger''. Only ''Exterminator'' could be salvaged. No crewmen were lost from ''Exterminator'', ''Hybert'' and ''Rodina''; but one crewman died abandoning ''Hefron'', five drowned when ''John Randolph'' broke in two, and ''Massmar'' sank with 17 merchant seamen, 5 Naval Armed Guards, and 26 survivors she was carrying from the sinking of ''Alamar'' in convoy PQ 16.
Surviving ships destined for Reykjavík were escorted into port on 7 July by a local escort of naval trawlers ''Saint Elstan'' and ''Lady Madeleine''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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